Scatter plot illustrating the correlation between intracortical inhibition at rest and the level of hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD rating scale, FBB-HKS).

<p>Scatter plot illustrating the correlation between intracortical inhibition at rest and the level of hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD rating scale, FBB-HKS).</p

Demographical and clinical data for the control, H/I-low and H/I-high group and statistical comparison (***<i>p</i><.001).

<p>Demographical and clinical data for the control, H/I-low and H/I-high group and statistical comparison (***<i>p</i><.001).</p

Behavioural performance of the go/nogo task, subdivided in blocks with TMS and the block without TMS, and statistical comparison between the three groups.

<p>Behavioural performance of the go/nogo task, subdivided in blocks with TMS and the block without TMS, and statistical comparison between the three groups.</p

Illustration of the go/nogo task (S1–S2 paradigm).

<p>TMS stimuli (single-pulses or double-pulses with an interstimulus interval of 3 ms) were presented 50 ms before or 150, 300 or 500 ms after the onset of the S2 stimulus.</p

Intracortical inhibition over the course of the nogo trials, for the go-150 ms condition and the passive control condition.

<p>For each of the three groups, mean ± SE is depicted.</p

Resting motor threshold and SICI for the passive control condition and the different latencies over the course of the nogo trials (higher SICI scores indicate less inhibition) and statistical comparison between the three groups (*<i>p</i><.05, **<i>p</i><.01,***<i>p</i><.001).

<p>Resting motor threshold and SICI for the passive control condition and the different latencies over the course of the nogo trials (higher SICI scores indicate less inhibition) and statistical comparison between the three groups (*<i>p</i><.05, **<i>p</i><.01,***<i>p</i><.001).</p

Switch to register reactions.

<p>Spreading of the hand with the m. abductor digiti minimi involved. Left side: switch off. Right side: switch on.</p

Epithelioma da glândula sub-maxilar : (caso clínico)

<p>Activation differences between adult AN and control participants for emotional stimuli.</p

Neural processing of food and emotional stimuli in adolescent and adult anorexia nervosa patients

<div><p>Background</p><p>A constant preoccupation with food and restrictive eating are main symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN). Imaging studies revealed aberrant neural activation patterns in brain regions processing hedonic and reward reactions as well as–potentially aversive–emotions. An imbalance between so called “bottom-up” and “top-down” control areas is discussed. The present study is focusing on neural processing of disease-specific food stimuli and emotional stimuli and its developmental course in adolescent and adult AN patients and could offer new insight into differential mechanisms underlying shorter or more chronic disease.</p><p>Methods</p><p>33 adolescents aged 12–18 years (15 AN patients, 18 control participants) and 32 adult women (16 AN patients, 16 control participants) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI, 3T high-field scanner) while watching pictures of high and low-calorie food and affective stimuli. Afterwards, they rated subjective valence of each picture. FMRI data analysis was performed using a region of interest based approach.</p><p>Results</p><p>Pictures of high-calorie food items were rated more negatively by AN patients.</p><p>Differences in activation between patients and controls were found in “bottom up” and “top down” control areas for food stimuli and in several emotion processing regions for affective stimuli which were more pronounced in adolescents than in adults.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>A differential pattern was seen for food stimuli compared to generally emotion eliciting stimuli. Adolescents with AN show reduced processing of affective stimuli and enhanced activation of regions involved in “bottom up” reward processing and “top down” control as well as the insula with regard to food stimuli with a focus on brain regions which underlie changes during adolescent development. In adults less clear and less specific activation differences were present, pointing towards a high impact that regions undergoing maturation might have on AN symptoms.</p></div

Activation differences between adolescent AN and control participants for food stimuli.

<p>Activation differences between adolescent AN and control participants for food stimuli.</p